The Weight Of First Feeding Carp Has Changed From 50 Mg To What Weight (Mg) In Modern Aquaculture?

Journal of

eISSN: 2378-3184

Aquaculture & Marine Biology

Inquiry Commodity Volume 4 Issue 3

Effect of Betaine Hydrochloride every bit Feed Attractant on Growth, Survival and Feed Utilization of Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio

Shivananda Murthy H, Akshaya Manai , Prakash Patil

Section of Aquaculture, Fauna and Fisheries Sciences University, Republic of india

Correspondence: Shivananda Murthy H, Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Karnataka Veterinarian, Animate being and Fisheries Sciences University, Mangalore 575002, Republic of india

Received: June 05, 2016 | Published: July eight, 2016

Citation: Murthy HS, Manai A, Patil P (2016) Effect of Betaine Hydrochloride as Feed Attractant on Growth, Survival and Feed Utilization of Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio. J Aquac Mar Biol four(3): 00083. DOI: 10.15406/jamb.2016.04.00083

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Abstract

The efficiency of betaine every bit a feed attractant on growth, survival and feed utilization of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was evaluated in this study. Betaine was incorporated at 0.25% and 0.fifty% in a 30% protein nutrition, basal diet without supplementation of betaine served as command. The experimental diets were fed to common bother fingerlings for threescore days in fiber-drinking glass tanks measuring 1.25 10 0.5 x 0.5m. Feed was given twice daily at a rate of 5% of the trunk weight during the kickoff 15 days and 3% afterwards.Diet supplemented with 0.25% betaine fed common carps showed college growth in terms of specific growth rate, survival, and nutrient conversion rate and protein efficiency ratio.

Keywords: Betaine; Feed attractant; Growth; Feed utilization; Cyprinus carpio

Abbreviations

NFE: Nitrogen Gratuitous Extractives; DMPT: Dimethyl- Beta-Propiothetine

Introduction

Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing sectors in the world. It is mainly contributing to the increase in export, earning, income, employment, food and nutritionally security for the developing countries. Freshwater aquaculture in Republic of india has evolved from the phase of a domestic activity in eastern Indian states similar W Bengal and Orissa to that of an organized Industry in recent years with the states like Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Uttarakhand and other states, taking up fish culture on a commercial scale [1]. Withal, the acceptable nutrition is a pre-requisite for optimum growth and survival of farmed fishes. The success of farming operations depends on the availability and supply of nutritionally balanced and adequate diet. It is well known that proper nutrition is one of the most important factors which influence the power of an animal to attain genetic potential for growth, reproduction and longevity [two]. Various studies have been conducted to maximize the feed intake by using feed additives, feed attractants and stimulants which take appeared as a boon in aquaculture which not only enhances the feed intake and growth merely too assistance in weaving of hatchlings of marine and freshwater fish for artificial nutrition [iii,four]. Feeding in fish, equally in other groups of animals is an important function of life. Many sensory systems contribute to fish feeding behavior. Chemo attraction and chemo stimulation facilitate the initial location (olfactory) and final consumption (gustatory response) of food in the feeding process of fish. Growth performance may exist improved by using feeding stimulants in order to increase food intake [5]. Feed attractants or chemo stimulants are therefore more often than not included in feeds or specially slow feeding species. The use of feed attractants in manufactured aqua feeds has received considerable attention in the recent years. The reason behind their use has been to ameliorate dietary food intake and at the same time past promoting quicker food intake [vi]. The time interval between feed offered and intake by the animate being is minimized in water and thereby prevent the leaching of water soluble nutrients. Further, attractants provide additional nutrients for protein and free energy metabolism and so that aqua feeds are ingested with minimum wastage and maximum feed efficiency, which also helps to reduce h2o pollution [7]. Chemo reception is an important component of food detection in many aquatic animals including fish and shellfish. This has been demonstrated repeatedly by conducting behavioral studies using the amino acid and related compounds as strong feeding stimulants. Fish locate food stuff by following chemical signals that are produced by the respective prey or food, and the olfaction in fish, takes place entirely in the aquatic environment [8]. The carrier of stimulant chemical molecules is water, thus chemicals that are detected past olfaction of fish need to be volatile, but must as well be soluble in water [iv].

Common carp, Cyprinus carpio, one of the about important fresh water cultivable speciesis benthic, omnivorous, does well in dingy and eutrophic water with soft sediments. Information technology enjoys the nationwide distribution in Republic of india and occupies 3rd identify in the world aquaculture production after silver carp and grass carp [2]. It tin be cultured in monoculture particularly by modest and artisan farmers in rural aqua farming andalso in polyculture with Indian major carps, as it readily accepts pellet feeds and grows fast. It has major advantages over the other carp species that as well in a tropical country like India because information technology can exist bred almost throughout the year and has a shorter generation time, andalso grow much faster than the major carps such as rohu and mrigal, merely its growth is nigh equal to that of catla [nine]. Improvement in feed utilization helps to reduce feed wastage and feed costs. In this direction, feed attractants play part in effective feed utilization past fish, in particular common bother.. The present study was taken upwardly to know the effect of betaine hydrochloride every bit feed attractant on growth, survival and feed utilization in common carp, Cyprinuscarpio.

Materials and Methods

Experimental animals

Common bother (Cyprinuscarpio) fry weighing 1 k (+- 0.2) procured from a Government Fish Seed Farm at the Bhadra Reservoir Project in Shivamogga, to the fish subcontract of the College of Fisheries in Mangaluru, were acclimatized to the pellet diet containing 30% protein for a period of 15 days.

Formulation, preparation and proximate composition of experimental diets

Experimental diets were prepared incorporating betaine hydrochloride at 2 graded levels namely 0.25 (T_ane) and 0.v% (T₂). Nutrition without betaine hydrochloride served as control (T₀). The basal diet with a crude poly peptide content of thirty%, using fish meal and groundnut cake as major protein sources was formulated according to square method [10]. All the diets were analyzed for proximate composition according to [11]. Moisture content was estimated by heating samples at 105 °C for xxx minutes and then cooled and weighed till a abiding weight was obtained. Rough protein was analyzed using Kjeltec Arrangement, fat content past Soxtech Organisation and fiber content using Fibretech System. Nitrogen costless extractives (NFE) were calculated by the difference method [12].

Experimental system

The experiment was carried out in cobweb-glass aquarium tanks measuring 1.25 x 0.5 x 0.5m at the indoor field laboratory of the College of Fisheries, Mangaluru. The aquaria were cleaned and filled with water from a nearby perennial open well. Compatible sized common carp fry (0.36 thousand) were stocked at 15 numbers per aquarium in 3 replicate groups and were fed twice daily at the rate of five% of the body weight during the commencement 15 days and iii% thereafter. Unconsumed feed was siphoned out daily in the morning before offering the feed. Afterwards every sampling, the amount of feed given was adapted based on the weight increase of the fish.

Water quality analysis

Water from all the experimental aquaria was analyzed every week. A digital portable kit model CK 704 was used to measure pH and temperature. Dissolved oxygen was estimated past Winkler'due south method. Total alkalinity, ammonia and free carbon dioxide were determined by standard methods [13]. The evaporation loss and deterioration in water quality due to aggregating of metabolites was overcome past periodic partial exchange of water regularly.

Growth studies

Fishes in each tank were sampled fortnightly and individually measured their weight and length. The growth performance of the experimental animals was assessed at the end by calculating weight gain and percentage of survival using the following formula:

$S One thousand R = \frac{50 o thou f i n a l w eastward i one thousand h t (g) - L o 1000 i n i t i a l westward e i g h t (g)}{N u thou b e r o f d a y s} \times 100$

$F C R = \frac{D r y due west eastward i thou h t o f f e e d thou i v east n (thou)}{G a i n i n w e t due west e i thou h t o f f i s h (g)}$

$S u r five i five a fifty (%) = \frac{F i n a 50 north u 1000 b east r o f f i s h}{I due north i t i a 50 due north u m b due east r o f f i s h} \times 100$

$P E R = \frac{I n c r e m e northward t o f b o d y w due east i g h t (yard)}{P r o t e i due north i due north t a k e (g)}$

Statistical analysis was carried out using Assay of Variance and Duncan Multiple Range tests to study the significant differences.

Results

Proximate composition of experimental diets

The proximate composition of the experimental diets fed to common bother fry is presented in Table 1. All the diets had well-nigh 30% protein and the values of rough poly peptide ranged from 29.37% in T₂ to 29.83% in T₁.Moisture content of diets ranged from four.07% in T₀ to iv.47% in T_ii, but crude fat levels were ranged from 2.25% in T0 to 3.6% in T_two. Similarly, the crude fibre content of diets ranged from 4.82% in T₀ to 5.96% in T₂. Overall, the proximate compositions of the experimental diets signal that in that location was no significant divergence betwixt the diets after incorporation of betaine hydrochloride.

Components	Diets
Components	T⁰	T¹	T²
Wet (%)	4.07±0.18	4.iv±0.89	4.47±0.02
Dry out matter (%)	95.93±0.36	95.6±0.06	95.53±0.06
Rough protein (%)	29.67±0.27	29.83±0.056	29.37±0.76
Crude fat (%)	ii.25±2.52	iii.ane±two.53	iii.6±1.v
Crude fibre (%)	4.82±1.25	five.37±0.45	v.96±0.v
Ash (%)	19.15±ane.65	17.75±2.54	17.65±i.twenty
NFE (%)	39.88	39.31	38.31

Table 1: Proximate composition of experimental diets (Mean±SD).

Water quality parameters

During the experimental menstruation, the water temperature ranged from 25 to 28.viii °C, pH from half-dozen.5 to 7.8, dissolved oxygen from 6.4 to 8.6 mg/l, costless carbon dioxide from 0.15 to 4.8 mg/50, total alkalinity from 31 to 67.2 mg/fifty of CaCO3, and ammonia-nitrogen from 0.02 to 0.16μg at Northward/fifty. These h2o quality parameters recorded during the experimental period were found suitable and well within the rangesuitable for common carp civilization. Farther, it was also observed that the incorporation of betaine in diet did not touch on the tank h2o.

Growth studies

Data on growth, survival, nutrient conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio of common carp fed on the graded levels of betaine incorporated diets are given in Table 2. Highest growth in terms of specific growth rate was observed in 0.25% (T₁) betaine incorporated diet fed mutual bother, compared to T₀ and T_ii. Similarly, highest survival (83.33%) and PER (0.012) were recorded in T₁ treatment, which as well recorded depression FCR (ane.69). However, information technology was observed that in that location were no meaning difference in experimental groups in terms of specific growth rate and PER, but there were significant differences in survival and FCR of feed treatments.

Parameters	Diets
Parameters	T⁰	T^one	T²
Survival (%)	69.99±4.71	83.33±4.70	73.33±9.43
SGR (% / mean solar day)	0.39	0.51	0.42
FCR	two.2	one.69	two.05
PER	0.009	0.012	0.009

Table 2: Survival, SGR, FCR and PER of Cyprinus carpio fed graded levels of betaine incorporated diets (Hateful  SD).

Word

Growth, survival, food conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio were all-time in the treatment containing 0.25 % betaine [iv]. Addition of a commercial feed attractant, Aquasavor, produced better growth in Catlacatla when provided at a level of 2% [14]. Dimethyl- beta-propiothetine (DMPT) and betaine increased torso weight and molting rate in Penaeusindicus [3]. In striped bass, feed conversion improved in animals fed a fishmeal- based nutrition supplemented with a feeding stimulant mixture of several amino acids and betaine at rate of ii.vii % of the diet [seven,15] Reviewed enquiry pertaining to dietary nucleotide awarding to ocean bream larvae and hypothesized that an exogenous supply of nucleotides may promote growth of fish on early stages. The weight gain of fish fed the betaine supplemented diet was significantly higher than that of fish fed the basal diet [16]. Dietary choline betaine supplementation resulted in a pregnant increment in a feed consumption and weight gain in tilapia [17] while betaine and amino acids had additive effects in striped bass [v].

A betaine supplemented diet resulted in enhanced feed preference in juvenile Gibel carp [eighteen] when supplemented with feeding stimulant finnistim, a betaine containing palatability enhancer. Where in, 66 % of the fish meal in rainbow trout feeds was replaced by rapeseed poly peptide concentrates without significant reduction in feed intake and growth although when 100 % of the fish meal was replaced, fish growth was reduced [nineteen]. Stimulant supplementation can affect not only feed intake and subsequently weight proceeds but also food conversion ratio indicating an overall increment in diet efficiency [6]. Growth, food conversion ratio, protein retention efficiency and energy memory efficiency were improved in rainbow trout fed plant protein diets containing the feeding stimulant taurine [twenty]. Growth, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio were significantly better in fish fed 50 mg/kg than in the control [21]. Turan & Akyurt [22] also obtained significantly higher growth in African catfish (Clariasgariepinus) fed and rostenedione based diets. It may be concluded that dietary supplementation of betaine enhanced growth and FCR in mutual carp, which assistance to reduce feed wastage while enhancing the feed utilization.

Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to Caput of the Section of Aquaculture and field staff of the Higher of Fisheries, Mangalore, for their help in conveying out the study.

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